Discuss the media representation of 'Somalian piracy'. Is 'piracy' an Essay

Talk about the media portrayal of 'Somalian robbery'. Is 'robbery' a precise term for what is occurring off the coa - Essay Example Besides, the remarkable elements of Islamization, destitution, and the impacts that 20 years of perpetual common war on the main genuinely bombed state on the planet has had in transit in which Somalia and the issue of â€Å"piracy† has created will be examined inside the focal point of media portrayal of the issue (Samatar 2010, p. 1380). Merriam Webster’s word reference comprehensively characterizes theft as â€Å"an demonstration of viciousness or burglary at sea†. Such an expansive definition practically rules out lie concerning whether the activities taken by gatherings of Somalis over the previous decade or so can be comprehended as theft or not. In any case, an increasingly significant trial of assurance is obviously the subject of how strategies, goals, and operational instruments vary when one contrasts current Somali robbery and that of the previous progressively conventional understandings of the word. What is special with respect to Somali theft is th e way that the genuine material merchandise that the boats which are captured by them are regularly of auxiliary or tertiary significance. Of basic significance is the cash which can be removed from transportation organizations, governments, or intrigued friends and family of the group individuals from the boats which have been caught. This fills in as a crucial deviation from conventional robbery in this is a definitive objective which the Somali privateers seek after instead of an optional or tertiary objective that customary theft was locked in with (Murphy 2011, p. 19). For the customary meaning of theft on the high oceans, the demand of the merchandise was of essential significance with the lives and wellbeing of the group being a lot of lower on the rundown of interests that the privateers managed. Eventually, in the customary comprehension of robbery, the lives of those which were caught were worth minimal except if it was accepted that an additional measure of cash could be extricated by delivering them off to intrigued governments, families, or exchange delegates. This move in the dynamic that robbery includes taken inside the cutting edge world is a remarkable sign of the Somali comprehension of the term. Rather than looking to procure and sell a huge number of dollars worth of boats and merchandise, the Somali privateers are solely unengaged in such an activity; rather worried about trying to recover the boat, its substance, and the team itself to invested individuals the world over (Pham 2010, p. 330). The media’s translation of robbery in Somalia has been one that has generally overlooked the main issue. In spite of the fact that the real everyday events of theft and related passings are described inside world media, next to zero consideration is paid to the former determinants concerning the hidden motivation behind why robbery is at present occurring to such a serious extent inside Somalia (Hanson 2012, p. 524). There are various purposes behind this media distortion; nonetheless, it is the conviction of this creator that an enormous degree for the aversion with which Western media has tried to examine and investigate the hidden explanations behind Somali robbery is the degree of culpability that the West keeps on feeling concerning t

Duke Ellington Essays (851 words) - Duke Ellington,

Duke Ellington Duke Ellington was one of the most persuasive jazz performers ever. In when music was experiencing a change from a jazz style to a jazz-blues blend, Duke was there to include his own style. He was a writer, conductor, and piano player who reformed the manner in which music was composed and earned the title of being the incomparable American arranger. (Williams, 51) Duke Ellington was conceived in Washington, D.C. in 1899. At 17 years old he started to play expertly. Because of his affection for music, Duke dropped out of secondary school to seek after his profession as a performer in New York. He showed up in New York in 1923, where Ellington found that his arrangements were demolished as the activity which anticipated him was no more accessible. Next, Duke coincidentally ran into an old companion, Ada Smith, who help Duke's band find a new line of work in the club she worked at. The huge city, in the 1920's, was not as captivating as the vast majority suspected it might have been. Working in the club, Duke Ellington wound up around obscure characters and firearm toting hoodlums. Duke's work environment was a risk in itself. Duke was continually evading tossed bottles from alcoholics and shots all the time. Rather, Duke didn't permit any of these things to hinder his profession or inventiveness. In this timeframe, prejudice and isolation was a tremendous issue in the public eye. Through his melodic ability, Duke Ellington had the option to close the hole between the white high society and the dark lower-class. Duke would play in such extravagant joints as the Cotton Club, also modest lease parties that he made just a dollar a night. In contrast to most performers, Duke didn't play for the cash. He played his music to satisfy his crowd. Before long, white individuals who just decided to watch white entertainers, wound up tuning in to relieving music of Duke Ellington. Whites, blacks, and hoodlums stood one next to the other at clubs and even sat at similar tables to tune in to Duke. Maybe both of these races and ways of life were joined through this elusive power, the widespread language of music. (Earthy colored, 39-45) On the melodic side of Duke Ellington's accomplishments would need to be his commitments towards changing the customary jazz-affected American move band of the time, to a genuine jazz orchestra(Williams, 51). With the assistance of Fletcher Henderson, a individual band pioneer, Duke had the option to concentrate less on the moving zones of jazz, however more on the melodic side. This prompted a more noteworthy nature of jazz. Not know to many, Ellington wished to compose his own melodic, however never prevailing with regards to beginning one. Notwithstanding, he is thought of by many, our most noteworthy American writer in any style of music(Williams, 232). Another of Duke Ellington's accomplishments was his capacity to energize the crowd with his exhibitions. With his energizing shows which Ellington put on, he had the option to cause jazz and music overall to develop to a ubiquity which equaled like the American distraction, baseball. From elderly folks individuals to youngsters, Duke has made jazz into something unique. It is this accomplishment which I feel gives the individuals of the 1920's an advantage over those of today; the experience of getting a charge out of an assortment of music(Brown, 148). Not at all like a considerable lot of the band chiefs of his time, Duke Ellington decided to permit his musicians to play anyway they felt was directly for them. Mindful of every part's capacity, he would assemble his music around them, rather than composing music the manner in which he thought it ought to be played(Brown, 48-50). Through impromptu creation, Duke presented an entirely different measurement of jazz. Duke's accomplishment in observing the various shades of each instrument must have been on the grounds that he was likewise a talented painter. He once alluded to each scale as a distinctive shading, and a melodic scale as a rainbow(Brown, 226). Without the presentation of ad libbing in music, we would discover the present music ailing in much enthusiasm which brings along delight. Duke Ellington's commitments to the universe of the 1920's range from headways of music in different societies, to the enduring impressions he had upon jazz. Music to Duke was in excess of a path for him to get by, however something of a shading, life, and significance. Duke Ellington depicted music best in his statement: Insightful and quiet, Unbelievably kind, Music is the lady you generally needed to discover (Ellington, 39). Duke Ellington was associated with music by a solid power, making him leave his

Entire Course all Weeks DQS Assignments free essay sample

The Industrial Revolution During The 20th Century

The industrial revolution was one of the biggest innovations from the 18th to 19th centuries. The Industrial Revolution changed the way the world was looking at altogether; new things were possible, things that no one ever could’ve dreamed of. In addition, creating new methods of production, manufacturing times were greatly lowered, meaning the product could be given to the public faster and in larger quantities. The Industrial Revolution was when the world finally began to move into the future, due to it, we have the world we live in today. The American economy was caught in transition in the event of the Civil War. What had been an almost purely agricultural economy in 1800 was in the first stages of an industrial revolution which would†¦show more content†¦When the Industrial Revolution reflects upon, not every change can be thought of in a blissful manner. Factories needed workers, and often time children were resorted to as cheap employees. Many children were killed during the Industrial Revolution; these children obviously didn’t have the motor skills to be working in factories. Eventually child labor laws were created to put restrictions on child labor exploiters. All the labor was done manually and required physical forces so the productivity was slow, an example was the cotton production, which involved only in person to clean the cotton by extracting the seed and produce threat, subsequence the demand of cotton John Kay invented the Flying shuttle to speed the process of weaving and the demand of threat. Then, because of the advance other inventors came with more innovated ideas. Another great invention was the spinning mule in 18th century invention that spun textile fibers into yarn by an intermittent process: in the draw stroke, the roving is pulled through and twisted; on the return it is wrapped onto the spindle. The steam engine began to

Thanking a Professor for Writing a Recommendation Letter

Recommendation letters are vital to your graduate school application. Its likely that you will need at least three letters and it can be hard to determine who to ask. Once you have professors in mind, they  agree to write a letter, and your application is submitted, your next step should be a simple thank you note showing your appreciation. Letters of recommendation  are a lot of work for professors and they  are asked to write a number of them each year. Unfortunately, the majority of students dont bother with a follow-up. Why Send a Thank-You Note? At its most basic, taking a few minutes to send a thank-you note is a common act of courtesy for someone who has taken the time to do you a favor, but it can also work to your benefit.A thank-you note helps you stand out from the other students and will help keep you in the writers good graces. After all, you may need a letter again in the future for another school or even a job. Recommendation Letters An effective grad school recommendation letter explains the basis for the evaluation. It may be based on your performance in the classroom, your  work as a research assistant  or a mentee, or any other interaction you had with faculty. Professors often take great pains to write letters that honestly discuss your potential for graduate study. They will take the time to include  specific details and examples that illustrate why youre a  good fit for the graduate program. They will also consider other factors to suggest that you will be successful in grad school and beyond. Their letters are not simply saying, Shell do great. Writing helpful letters takes time, effort, and considerable thought. Professors do not take this lightly and theyre not required to do it.  Whenever someone does something of this magnitude for you, its nice to  show your appreciation for their time and attention. Offer a Simple Thank You Graduate school is a big deal  and your professors are playing an important role in helping you get there. A thank you letter need not be lengthy or overly detailed. A  simple note will do. You can do this as soon as the application is in, though you might also want to follow-up once youre accepted to share your good news. Your thank you letter can be a nice email. Its certainly the quicker option, but your professors may also appreciate a simple card. Mailing a letter is not out of style and a handwritten letter has a personal  touch. It shows that you wanted to spend extra time to thank them for the time they put into your letter. Now that youre convinced that sending a letter is a good idea, what do you write? Below is a sample but you should tailor it to your situation and your relationship with your professor. A Sample Thank You Note Dear Dr. Smith, Thank you for taking the time to write on my behalf for my graduate school application. I appreciate your support throughout this process. I will keep you updated about my progress in applying to graduate school. Thanks again for your assistance. It is much appreciated. Sincerely, Sally

The Importance Of Teamwork And Increase Teamwork At Seagate

CEO Bill Watkins started EcoSeagate in 2000, after becoming president of the hard drive manufacturing company Seagate. EcoSeagate is a team development meeting held in the desolated mountains of New Zealand. 200 employees are chosen and split into 40 groups of 5 and each employee must read The Five Dysfunctions of a Team. The purpose of this annual event is to show the importance of teamwork and increase teamwork at Seagate. For five days they go through competitive events to encourage them to work together hoping that this later can be integrated into their everyday lives. Although it is a good event Watkins has not been able to show quantative results. For that reason stakeholders are complaining about this event that costs $2 million annually. Problem Although Watkins says that there are obvious signs EcoSeagate is working there are not any quantative results to prove that it is. Therefore, the issue I see is accountability. If stockholders are not seeing a difference then that needs to be addressed. There can be several reasons as to why there are not any results. Setting a clear objective or goal is crucial to see how much progress employees are making. If Watkins is not clearly communicating what he wants as a result of the meeting then no employee will have the desire to change. There’s already an event to teach them how to reach these goals but one important thing is to monitor it. Each group has to be provided feedback and there appears to be none of that. Yes thisShow MoreRelatedBuilding Best Practice in Human Resource Management5818 Words   |  24 Pagestheir abilities. It is about creating a relationship with employees, helping to encourage and motivate them to reach their highest performance potential. There are many different HRM best practices available for organisations to implement which will increase the overall levels of organisational performance. In this project, I will discuss what human resource management is, give a brief history of human resource management, examine current literature, and from my findings, take you through some of theRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Saudi Aramco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Schneider National . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Seagate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Siemens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Starbucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Read MoreIt and the Changing Social Division of Labor7927 Words   |  32 Page sand options) have to ensure customer orientation; †¢ Labor flexibility: The constant and very rapid change in production volumes is managed by an extensive use of various kinds of flexible employment. †¢ Quality management based on restricted teamwork: in most plants there is an ideology of â€Å"team orientation†, but no formal structure of work groups etc., as known from team concepts in other industries; and †¢ A heavy reliance on women and minority workers: as in most areas of electronics manufacturingRead MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 PagesMANAGERIAL COSTING O nl y Management Control of Operations C la s PART IV: MANAGEMENT CONTROL TOOLS s of Detailed Contents PART I: AN OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS Chapter 1: Introduction to Management Control Systems: Importance of Control Systems: Elements of a Control System – Nature of Management Control Systems: Important Features of Management Control Systems, Management Control Process, Characteristics of a Good Management Control System, Distinction between Strategy

Fmcg Sector free essay sample

An analysts evaluates the stocks based on different parameter like fundamentals of the company i. e. earnings of the company, P/E dividend yield and many more things. The report also include the distinguish feature of FMCG as compared to other sector and a well-defined conclusion OBJECTIVE OF STUDY * To know about the FCMG industry and how it is contributing towards Indian economy * To find out how the judgment is taken by the analyst on the basis of fundamental analysis of the company. * To guide investors for selecting industry by which they can able to make returns from the amount invested in that company. To analyze the ratios of selected company to find out financial condition of selected companies RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. The research methodology is used to find out the solution of the research problem of analytical research methodology and some extend descriptive research methodology. * Primary Data * Primary data collect by discussing with my guide and other staff of the company. * Observation * Secondary Data The sources of secondary data to solve the problems are:- * Company Annual Report Company Internal Data * Internet-Websites Introduction of FMCG sector in India What is Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG)? Products which have a quick turnover, and relatively low cost are known as Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). FMCG products are those that get replaced within a year. Examples of FMCG generally include a wide range of frequently purchased consumer products such as toiletries, soap, cosmetics, tooth cleaning products, shaving products and detergents, as well as other non-durables such as glassware, bulbs, batteries, paper products, and plastic goods. FMCG may also include pharmaceuticals, consumer electronics, packaged food products, soft drinks, tissue paper, and chocolate bars. Subsets of FMCGs are Fast Moving Consumer Electronics which include innovative electronic products such as mobile phones, MP3 players, digital cameras, GPS Systems and Laptops. These are replaced more frequently than other electronic products. White goods in FMCG refer to household electronic items such as Refrigerators, T. Vs, Music Systems, etc. In 2005, the Rs. 48,000-crore FMCG segment was one of the fast growing industries in India. According to the AC Nielsen India study, the industry grew 5. 3% in value between 2004 and 2005. INDIAN FMCG SECTOR The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest in the economy and has a market size of US$13. 1 billion. Well-established distribution networks, as well as intense competition between the organized and unorganized segments are the characteristics of this sector. FMCG in India has a strong and competitive MNC presence across the entire value chain. It has been predicted that the FMCG market will reach to US$ 33. 4 billion in 2015 from US $ billion 11. 6 in 2003. The middle class and the rural segments of the Indian population are the most promising market for FMCG, and give brand makers the opportunity to convert them to branded products. Most of the product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, shampoos, etc. , in India, have low per capita consumption as well as low penetration level, but the potential for growth is huge. The Indian Economy is surging ahead by leaps and bounds, keeping pace with rapid urbanization, increased literacy levels, and rising per capita income. The big firms are growing bigger and small-time companies are catching up as well. According to the study conducted by AC Nielsen, 62 of the top 100 brands are owned by MNCs, and the balance by Indian companies. Fifteen companies own these 62 brands, and 27 of these are owned by Hindustan Lever. Pepsi is at number three followed by Thums Up. Britannia takes the fifth place, followed by Colgate (6), Nirma (7), Coca-Cola (8) and Parle (9). These are figures the soft drink and cigarette companies have always shied away from revealing. Personal care, cigarettes, and soft drinks are the three biggest categories in FMCG. Between them, they account for 35 of the top 100 brands. Exhibit I THE TOP 10 COMPANIES IN FMCG SECTOR IN INDIA SR. NO. | COMPANIES| 1| HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LTD. | 2| ITC ( INDIAN TOBACCO COMPANY)| 3| NESTLE INDIA| 4| AMUL| 5| DABUR INDIA| 6| ASIAN PAINTS ( INDIA )| 7| CADBURY INDIA| 8| BRITANNIA INDUSTRIES| 9| PROCTERAND GAMBLE HYGIENE AND HEALTH CARE| 10| MARICO INDUSTRIES| | | The companies mentioned in Exhibit I, are the leaders in their respective sectors. The personal care category has the largest number of brands, i. e. , 21, inclusive of Lux, Lifebuoy, Fair and Lovely, Vicks, and Ponds. There are 11 HLL brands in the 21, aggregating Rs. ,799 crore or 54% of the personal care category. Cigarettes account for 17% of the top 100 FMCG sales, and just below the personal care category. ITC alone accounts for 60% volume market share and 70% by value of all filter cigarettes in India. The foods category in FMCG is gaining popularity with a swing of launches by HLL, ITC, Godrej, and others. This category has 18 major brands, aggregating Rs. 4 ,637 crore. Nestle and Amul slug it out in the powders segment. The food category has also seen innovations like softies in ice creams, chapattis by HLL, ready to eat rice by HLL and pizzas by both GCMMF and Godrej Pillsbury. This category seems to have faster development than the stagnating personal care category. Amul, Indias largest foods company has a good presence in the food category with its ice-creams, curd, milk, butter, cheese, and so on. Britannia also ranks in the top 100 FMCG brands, dominates the biscuits category and has launched a series of products at various prices. In the household care category (like mosquito repellents), Godrej and Reckitt are two players. Goodknight from Godrej is worth above Rs 217 crore, followed by Reckitts Mortein at Rs 149 crore. In the shampoo category, HLLs Clinic and Sunsilk make it to the top 100, although Pamp;Gs Head and Shoulders and Pantene are also trying hard to be positioned on top. Clinic is nearly double the size of Sunsilk. Dabur is among the top five FMCG companies in India and is an herbal specialist. With a turnover of Rs. 19 billion (approx. US$ 420 million) in 2005-2006, Dabur has brands like Dabur Amla, Dabur Chyawanprash, Vatika, Hajmola and Real. Asian Paints is enjoying a formidable presence in the Indian sub-continent, Southeast Asia, Far East, Middle East, South Pacific, Caribbean, Africa and Europe. Asian Paints is Indias largest paint company, with a turnover of Rs. 22. 6 billion (around USD 513 million). Forbes Global magazine, USA, ranked Asian Paints among the 200 Best Small Companies in the World Cadbury India is the market leader in the chocolate confectionery market with a 70% market share and is ranked number two in the total food drinks market. Its popular brands include Cadburys Dairy Milk, 5 Star, Eclairs, and Gems. The Rs. 15. 6 billion (USD 380 Million) Marico is a leading Indian group in consumer products and services in the Global Beauty and Wellness space. Outlook There is a huge growth potential for all the FMCG companies as the per capita consumption of almost all products in the country is amongst the lowest in the world. Again the demand or prospect could be increased further if these companies can change the consumers mindset and offer new generation products. Earlier, Indian consumers were using non-branded apparel, but today, clothes of different brands are available and the same consumers are willing to pay more for branded quality clothes. Its the quality, promotion and innovation of products, which can drive many sectors. PERFORMANCE OF FMCG SECTOR IN INDIA Sector Funds or Thematic Funds – A lot of advisors are negative on sectoral funds, but I don’t know the reason why they are negative particularly in case of FMCG mutual funds. The Indian Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector is booming from last several years and given steady returns to its investors despite slowdown in the economy. The India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF) estimates a total market size in excess of US$13. billion for FMCG industry in 2012. FMCG sector has several multinational players with strong presence in India such as Nestle, Procter and Gamble, Gillette, etc. There is stiff competition among domestic companies, unorganized segment and MNC companies to increase their sales year-on-year, due to which they operate on low operational cost and margins SENSEX vs. BSE FMCG Index FMCG sector is performing well due to strong characteri stics and dependence on consumption in domestic market. The returns table (above) portraits that it registered lower drop in 2008 i. . during slowdown in the economy. The performance of FMCG sector was laggard in 2009 when economy was recovering and major sectors started performing well contributing to growth in SENSEX. However, performance of BSE FMCG index in 2010 was outstanding on back of fiscal stimulus but got hit again in 2011 due to European debt crisis and domestic reasons. In 2011, SENSEX was volatile and gave negative returns of -25% at end of year whereas; FMCG is the only sector which gave strong returns of 9% in 2011 Fundamental Analysis Fundamental analysis is a method used to determine the value of a stock by analyzing the financial data that is fundamental to the company. That means that fundamental analysis takes into consideration only those variables that are directly related to the company itself, such as its earnings, its dividends, and its sales. Fundamental analysis does not look at the overall state of the market nor does it include behavioral variables in its methodology. It focuses exclusively on the companys business in order to determine whether or not the stock should be bought or sold. Critics of fundamental analysis often charge that the practice is either irrelevant or that it is inherently flawed. The first group, made up largely of proponents of the efficient market hypothesis, say that fundamental analysis is a useless practice since a stocks price will always already take into account the companys financial data . In other words, they argue that it is impossible to learn anything new about a company by analyzing its fundamentals that the market as a whole does not already know, since everyone has access to the same financial information. The other major argument against fundamental analysis is more practical than theoretical. These critics charge that fundamental analysis is too unscientific a process, and that its difficult to get a clear picture of a companys value when there are so many qualitative factors such as a companys management and its competitive landscape. However, such critics are in the minority. Most individual investors and investment professionals believe that fundamental analysis is useful, either alone or in combination with other techniques. If you decide that fundamental analysis is the method for you, youll find that a companys financial statements (its income statement, its balance sheet and its cash flow statement) will be indispensable resources for your analysis . And even if youre not totally sold on the idea of fundamental analysis, its probably a good idea for you to familiarize yourself with some of the valuation measures it uses since they are often talked about in other types of stock valuation techniques as well. Fundamental analysis serves to answer questions ,such as: Is the company’s revenue growing? * Is it actually making a profit? * Is it in a strong – enough position on beat out its competitors in the future? * Is it able to repay its debts? * Is management trying to cook the books ? These are very involved questions, and there are literally hundreds of others we might have about a company. It all really boils down to one question: is the company’s stock a good investment? Think o f fundamental analysis as a toolbox to help answer this question. The term fundamental analysis is used most often in the context of stocks, ut we can perform fundamental analysis on any security, from a bond to a derivative. As long as we look at the economic fundamentals, we are doing fundamentals analysis. For the purpose of this project fundamental analysis is referred to in the context of stocks. Fundamentals: Quantitative and Qualitative We could define fundamental analysis as â€Å"researching the fundamentals†, but that doesn’t tell us a whole lot unless we know what fundamentals are. As mentioned in the introduction, the big problem with defining fundamentals is that it can include anything related to the economic well-being of a company. Obvious items include things like revenue and profits, but fundamentals also include everything from company’s market share to the quality of its management. Quantitative meets Qualitative: Neither Qualitative nor Quantitave analysis is inherently better than the other. Instead, many analysts consider qualitative factors in conjunction with the hard, quantitative factors. Take the coca-cola company, for example. When examining its stock , an analyst might look at the stock’s annual dividend payout, earnings per share, P/E ratio and many other quantitative factors. However, no analysis of coca-cola would be complete without taking into account its brand recognition. Anybody can start a company that sells sugar and water, but few companies on earth recognized by billions of people. It’s tough to put our finger on exactly what the coke brand is worth, but we can be sure that it’s an essential ingredient contributing to the company’s ongoing success. RATIO VALUATION Financial ratios are mathematical calculations using figures mainly from the financial statements, and they are used to gain an idea of a company’s valuation and financial performance. Some of the most well-known valuation are price to earning and price to book. Each valuation ratio uses different measures in its calculations. For example, price to book compares the price per share to the company’s book value. The calculations produced by the valuation ratios are used to gain some understanding of the companyls value. The ratios are compared on an absolute basis. In which there are threshold values. For example, in price-to-book, companies trading below ‘1’ are considered undervalued. Valuation ratios are also compared to the historical values of the ratios for the company, along with comparisons to competitors and the overall market itself. INDIAN TOBACCO COMPANY ITC Ltd. is the largest tobacco company in India. It enjoys the leadership position in the Indian cigarette market with a market share of 80% in terms of value. It is the owner of several renowned brands like Bristol, India Kings, Classic, Gold Flake, Navy Cut, Berkeley and Insignia. The company has over the last few years taken steps to establish itself in other FMCG categories. It has expanded its presence to foods, personal care and lifestyle retailing spaces. It also owns the second largest hotel group in India, accounting for 3000 rooms in the luxury segment. Further, it is also present in Paper and paperboard, and agri-business segments which provide backward integration benefits for its other businesses. The table given below gives the 5 broad business segments of the companies As seen from the graphs given below, Cigarettes contribute close to 65% of ITC’s total gross revenues however owing to the high incidence of taxes, this segment amounts to ~50% of the revenue on a net basis. FMCG others segment has gradually increased its contribution over the years and is expected to be a major growth driver in the coming years. PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT OF COMPANY Performance of business segments ITC dominates the cigarette market with close to 80% market share in terms of value and around 70% market share by volume. The nearest competitor is Godfrey Phillips with a 10% value market share and VST Industries with a 5% market share. It owns some of the most popular and valuable brands like Wills Filter, Gold Flake Filter, Classic, India Kings, Scissors, Capstan and Bristol present across the different cigarette segments. Leadership position and strong brands have enabled the company to pass on the excise duty hikes carried out by the government to its customers. Over the past eight years, ITC has raised its gross realization per stick by 10. 8% CAGR, ahead of excise duty increase of 7. 1% CAGR. KEY FINANCIAL RATIOS Particulars| Mar’ 12| Mar’ 11| Mar’10| INVESTMENT VALUATION RATIOS| | | | Face Value| 1| 1| 1| Dividend Per share| 4. 50| 4. 45| 10| | | | | Profitability Ratios| | | | Operating profit margin ( % )| 35. 55| 34. 08| 33. 02| Net profit Margin| 23. 97| 22. 91 | 21. 30| Return on Net worth| 32. 88| 31. 36| 28. 98| | | | | Liquidity Ratios| | | | Debt Equity Ratio| | 0. 01| 0. 01| | | | | Management Efficiency Ratios| | | | Inventory Turnover Ratio| 6. 53| 6. 05| 6. 04| Debtors turnover Ratio| 26. 50| 23. 91| 24. 31| Working Capital Turnover Ratio| | 25. 78| -26. 29| | | | | | | | | Cash Flow Indicator Ratio| | | | Dividend Payout Ratio| 0. 57| 0. 69| 0. 94| Sales Growth %| 15. 06| 16. 04| 13. 56| Earnings Per share| 7. 88| 6. 45| 10. 64| | | | | | | | | | | | | HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED Hindustan Unilever (HUL) is the largest fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) company, a leader in home amp; personal care products and foods amp; beverages. HULs brands are spread across 20 distinct consumer categories, touching lives of every 2 out of 3 Indian. It has employee strength over 15000 amp; 1200 managers. It has created widespread network through its 2000 suppliers amp; associates. There 75 manufacturing locations in India itself. It caters its wide range of products to 6. 3million outlets. It has market capitalization of 11. 5billion. Brands Home amp; personal care:- Under this it has brands that caters to every income segment of population. In this segment it has brands like Lakme, Axe, Pepsodent, Surf Excel, Wheel, Lux, Dove, Fair amp; Lovely amp; many more. Foods amp; Beverages:-Under this segment it has brand like Kissan, Knnor Soups, Annapurna, Kwality Walls, Brooke Bond amp; Lipton. It has also launch water purifier with the name Pureit. The FMCG market is set to treble from $11. 6 billion in 2003 to $33. 4 billion in 2015. Penetration level as well as per capita consumption in most product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, hair wash, etc in India is low indicating the untapped market potential. Companies present in FMCG segment like HUL, Dabur, ITC, Godrej amp; many more have potential to acquire market share. KEY FINANCIAL RATIOS PARTICULARS| Mar’12| Mar’11| Mar’10| INVESTMENT VALUATION RATIOS| | | | Face Value| 1| 1| 1| Dividend Per Share| 7. 5| 6. 5| 6. 5| | | | | PROFITABILITY RATIOS| | | | Operating Profit Margin ( %)| 14. 88| 13. 53| 15. 74| Net profit Margin (%)| 12. 01| 11. 56| 12. 29| Return on Net Worth (%)| 76. 61| 87. 57| 85. 25| | | | | LIQUIDITY RATIO| | | | Debt Equity Ratio| | | | | | | | MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY RATIOS| | | | Inventory Turnover Ratio| 9. 21| 7. 91| 8. 99| Debtors Turnover Ratio| 27. 27| 24. 28| 29. 24| Working Capital Turnover Ratio| | -17. 98| -15. 91| | | | | CASH FLOW INDICATOR RATIOS| | | | Dividend Payout Ratio| 0. 60| 0. 61| 0. 64| Sales Growth %| 12. 4%| 11. 57 %| -15. 80 %| Earnings Per Share| 12. 45| 10. 68| 10. 09| NESTLE INDIA Nestle India is a subsidiary of Nestle S. A. , headquartered at Vevey, Switzerland. Globally, Nestle (website: www. nestle. com) is a leading nutrition, health and wellness company. The original parent company was founded in 1905 as a result of a merger of two companies namely †“ ‘Anglo-Swiss Milk Company’ for milk products and the ‘Farine Lactee Henri Nestle Company’. The former of the two was established in 1866 by the Page Brothers in Cham, Switzerland and the later was established in 1866 by Henri Nestle to provide an infant food product. Even during the early 1900s ‘The Nestle Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company (Export) Limited’ used to import products to India but the formal journey of Nestle India started only in 1959. Today with popular brands like NESCAFE, MAGGI, MILKYBAR, MILO, KIT KAT, BAR-ONE, MILKMAID and NESTEA under its belt Nestle is a well-known name in India. Nestle India is a subsidiary of Nestle S. A. of Switzerland. Nestle India manufactures a variety of food products such as infant food, milk products, beverages, prepared dishes amp; cooking aids, and chocolates amp; confectionary. Some of the famous brands of Nestle are NESCAFE, MAGGI, MILKYBAR, MILO, KIT KAT, BAR-ONE, MILKMAID, NESTEA, NESTLE Milk, NESTLE SLIM Milk, NESTLE Fresh n Natural Dahi and NESTLE Jeera Raita. Nestle was founded in 1867 in Geneva, Switzerland by Henri Nestle. Nestles first product was Farine Lactee Nestle, an infant cereal. In 1905, Nestle acquired the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. Nestles relationship with India started 1912, when it began trading as The Nestle Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company (Export) Limited, importing and selling finished products in the Indian market. After independence, in response to the then economic policies, which emphasized local production, Nestle formed a company in India, namely Nestle India Ltd, and set up its first factory in 1961 at Moga, Punjab, where the Government wanted Nestle to develop the milk economy. In Moga, Nestle educated and advised farmers regarding basic farming and animal husbandry practices such as increasing the milk yield of the cows through improved dairy farming methods, irrigation, scientific crop management practices etc. Nestle set up milk collection centres that ensured prompt collection and paid fair prices. Thus, Nestle transformed Moga into a prosperous and vibrant milk district. In 1967, Nestle set up its next factory at Choladi (Tamil Nadu) as a pilot plant to process the tea grown in the area into soluble tea. Nestle opened its third factor in Nanjangud (Karnataka) in 1989. Thereafter, Nestle India opened factories in Samalkha (Haryana), in 1993 and two in Goa at Ponda, and Bicholim in 1995 and 1997 respectively. Nestle India is now putting up the 7th factory at Pant Nagar in Uttarakhand. Today, Nestle is the worlds largest and most diversified food company. It has around 2,50,000 employees worldwide, operated 500 factories in approximately 100 countries and offers over 8,000 products to millions of consumers universally. Nestle India Ltd, one the biggest players in FMCG segment, has a presence in milk amp; nutrition, beverages, prepared dishes amp; cooking aids amp; chocolate amp; confectionery segments. The company is engaged in the food business. The food business incorporates product groups, such as milk products and nutrition, beverages, prepared dishes and cooking aids, chocolates and confectionery. Nestle India manufactures products under brand names, such as Nescafe, Maggi, Milkybar, Milo, Kit Kat, Bar-One, Milkmaid and Nestea. The company has also introduced products of daily consumption and use, such as Nestle Milk, Nestle Slim Milk, Nestle Fresh n Natural Dahi and Nestle Jeera Raita. The companys brands include milk products and nutrition, prepared dishes and cooking aids, beverages, and chocolates and confectionery. Their milk products and nutrition includes Nestle Everyday Dairy Whitener, Nestle Everyday Ghee, Nestle Milk, Nestle Slim Milk and Nestle Dahi. Beverages Include Nescafe Classic, Nescafe Sunrise Premium, Nescafe Sunrise Special and Nescafe Cappuccino. Nestle India is a subsidiary of Nestle S. A. During the year, Maggi further leveraged their strengths to drive affordable nutrition and launched two new products, namely, Maggi Rasile Chow and Maggi Masala-ae-Magic. They launched Nestle Kitkat in a new unique single finger format and Nestle Much Guru pack at the higher price point. The company acquired the Healthcare Nutrition business of Speciality Foods India Pvt Ltd with effect from January 1, 2010. In the year 2010, the company expanded the installed capacity of Milk Products and Nutrition by 3,983 MT to 147,546 MT. Also, they increased the installed capacity of Prepared Dishes amp; Cooking aids by 14,028 MT to 205,017 MT. In the year 2011, the company increased the installed capacity of Milk Products amp; Nutrition by 14,561 MT to 162,107 MT, Prepared dishes amp; Cooking aids by 21,430 MT to 226,447 MT and Chocolate amp; Confectionery by 3,283 MT to 36,052 MT. KEY FINANCIAL RATIOS Particulars| Dec 11| Dec 10| Dec09| INVESTMENT VALUATION RATIOS| | | | Face value| 10| 10| 10| Dividend per share| 48. 5| 48. 5| 48. | | | | | PROFITABILITY RATIOS| | | | Operating Profit Margin ( % )| 20. 53 %| 19. 91 %| 19. 74 %| Net profit Margin| 12. 75 %| 13 %| 12. 67 %| Return on net worth| 75. 47 %| 95. 70%| 112. 68 %| | | | | LIQUIDITY RATIOS| | | | Debt Equity Ratio| 0. 76| | | | | | | MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY RATIO| | | | Inventory Turnover Ratio| 11. 6 | 12. 33| 11. 61| Debtors Turnover Ratio | 83. 83| 98. 22| 93. 68| Working Capital Turnover | -8. 47| -9. 53| -8. 60| | | | | CASHFLOW INDICATORS RATIOS| | | | Dividend payout ratio | 0. 05| 0. 06| 0. 07| Sales growth| 19. 66| 21. 75| 18. 79| Earnings Per Share| 99. 3| 84. 91| 67. 94| Price to earnings Ratio ( P/E)| | | | Price To book value ( P/ B ratio )| | | | DATA ANALYSIS PLEASE NOTE THAT Nestle India closes its Financial Statements on 31st Dec every year. So the date which is collected of nestle is from period of January to December Profitability Ratio 1) Operating Profit Margin Operating margin is a measurement of what proportion of a company’s revenue is left over after paying for variable costs of production such as wages, raw material, etc. A healthy operating margin is required for a company to be able to pay for its fixed costs, such as interest on debt. If a company’s margin is increasing, it is earning more per Rupee of sales. The higher the margin, the better. Formula of operating profit margin = operating income / net sales X 100 Operating Profit Margin| Particulars| March’12| March’11| March’10| ITC| 35. 55 %| 34. 08 %| 33. 02 %| HUL| 14. 88| 13. 53| 15. 74| NESTLE INDIA| 20. 53%| 19. 91%| 19. 74%| ANALYSIS Operating profit margin shows how much a company makes (before interest and taxes) on each rupee of sales. We can see that HUL and ITC have almost same % change in operating profit, but Nestle India is behind in operating profit. Normally company thinks to maintain operating margin of 30 %, because after calculating operating profit company have to cut the expenses from operating profit. So if operating profit is less than 30 % so it will automatically reduce the net profit margin 2) Net profit Ratio Net profit ratio is the ratio of net profit (after Tax) to net sales. It is expressed as percentage. The two basic components of the net profit ratio are the net profit and sales. The net profit is obtained after deducting income-tax and, generally, non-operating expenses and incomes are excluded from the net profit for calculating this ratio. Thus, income such as interest on investment outside the business, profit on sales of fixed assets and losses on sales of fixed assets, etc. are excluded. NP ratio is used to measure the overall profitability and hence it is very useful proprietors. The ratio is very useful as if the net profit is not sufficient, the firm shall not be able to achieve a satisfactory return on its investment. Formula of Net profit Margin Net Profit Ratio = (net Profit / Net sales) X 100 NET PROFIT RATIO| PARTICULARS| Mar’12| Mar’11| Mar’10| ITC| 23. 97 %| 22. 91 %| 21. 30 %| HUL| 12. 01 % | 11. 56 %| 12. 09 %| NESTLE INDIA| 12. 75%| 13. 00%| 12. 67%| ANALYSIS:- Net profit shows that situation of overall profit of the company. In above calculation, net profit ratio of HUL is slightly increasing in the year 2012by 0. 45%, and in Nestle it’s decreasing by 0. 25 %. In case of ITC its NP ratio is constantly increasing which shows the company is good position compared to its competitors and reserve is the cease with HUL and Nestle its NP is not increasing much lesser than expected. Here ITC is leading in NP ratio compared to its counterparty which is good sign for that company is growing much faster. 3) Return on net worth Ratio:- It is the ratio of net profit to shareholder’s investment. It is the relationship between net profit (after interest and tax) and shareholder’s / proprietor’s fund. The two basic components of this ratio are net profits and shareholder’s fund shareholder’s fund includes equity share capital, (preference share capital) and all reserves and surplus belonging to shareholders. Net profit means net income after payments of interest and income tax those will be the only profits available for shareholders. Formula of Return on Net worth Ratio = [net profit (after tax and Pref. dividend) / shareholder’s fund] X 100 Where; shareholder’s fund = equity + reserves RETURN ON NET WORTH RATIO| Particulars| Mar’12| Mar’11| Mar’10| ITC| 32. 88 %| 31. 36 %| 28. 98| HUL| 76. 61 %| 87. 57 %| 85. 25 %| NESTLE INDIA| 75. 47%| 95. 70%| 112. 68%| ANALYSIS:- This ratio is of great importance to the present and prospective shareholders as well as the management of the company. Here we can see that RON 87. 57 % in the year 2010-11 which is declined to 76. 61 % in last financial year . which is not good for any company in retaining its shareholders. On the other hand ITC has is constantly increasing its RON from year 2009-10 to 2011-2012 which is a good sign for shareholders. Whereas Nestle’s RON drastically fell in year 2010 from 112. 68 to 95. 70 and further it has fallen to 75. 47 in year 2011 which is not good for shareholders. From the above table we still say that HUL is giving highest return to the shareholders on their Net worth in company compared to its competitors that is the reason HUL is the leader FMCG sector. Liquidity and solvency Ratio 1) Debt Equity Ratio Debt-to-equity ratio indicates the relationship between the external equities or outsiders fund and the internal or shareholders fund. It is also known as external internal equity ratio. It is determined to ascertain soundness of the long term financial policies of the company. Formula of debt equity ratio Debt Equity Ratio= Long term Debts / Shareholders’ Fund Where, long term debts = secured and unsecured loans DEBT EQUITY RATIO| Particulars| Mar’12| Mar’11| Mar’10| ITC| | 0. 01| 0. 01| HUL| | -| | NESTLE INDIA| 0. 76| | | ANALYSIS:- This ratio shows the relative amount of funds supplied to co. by outsiders and by owners. It also indicates the extent to which co. as to depend upon outsiders for its financial requirement in long terms. Generally acceptable debt–equity ratio is 1:1. Here the ratio for Nestle is 0. 76:1 which shows that company is not much financially strong to its competitors. MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY RATIO 1) Inventory Turnover Ratio Inventory turnover is the ratio of cost of goods sold to average inventory. It is an activity / efficiency ratio and it measures how ma ny times per period, a business sells and replaces its inventory again. Inventory turnover ratio is used to measure the inventory management efficiency of a business. In general, a higher value indicates better performance and lower value means inefficiency in controlling inventory levels. A lower inventory turnover ratio may be an indication of overstocking which may pose risk of obsolescence and increased inventory holding costs. However, a very high turnover may result in loss of sales due to inventory shortage. Inventory turnover is different for different industries. Businesses which trade in perishable goods have very higher turnover with comparison to those dealing in durables. A comparison would be fair only if made between businesses of same industry. Formula Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory Average Inventory is calculated as the sum of the inventory at the beginning and at the end of the period divided by 2. INVENTORY TURN OVER RATIO| Particulars| Mar’12| Mar’11| Mar’10| ITC| 6. 53| 6. 05| 6. 04| HUL| 9. 21| 7. 91| 8. 99| NESTLE INDIA| 11. 60| 12. 33| 11. 61| ANALYSIS:- High inventory ratio is more preferable for consumer goods. Here inventory ratio for HUL decreased in the year 2010-11 but in last financial year it has been increased in well manner , but still the ratio for Nestle is high compared to its competitors is has high turnover of 11. 0 in Dec’2011 . 2) DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO Accounts receivable turnover is the ratio of net credit sales to average accounts receivable. It is an activity or efficiency ratio and it measures average number of times a business collects its receivables during a period usually a year. Formula Accounts receivable turnover is calculated using the fo llowing formula: Receivables = Net Credit Sales Turnover / Average Accounts Receivable In the above equation average accounts receivable figure is calculated by dividing the sum of beginning and ending accounts receivable by 2. The beginning and ending accounts receivable can be found on balance sheet of the first and the last day of the respective period. Net credit sales figure is on the income statement of the period. Accounts receivable turnover is usually calculated on annual basis, however for the purpose of creating trends, it is more meaningful to calculate it on monthly or quarterly basis. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO| Particulars| Mar’12| Mar’11| Mar’10| ITC | 26. 50| 23. 91| 24. 31| HUL| 27. 27| 24. 28| 29. 24| NESTLE INDIA| 83. 83| 98. 22| 93. 68| ANALYSIS:- Its shows the rate of which cash ie generated by the turnover of debtors. Here , Debtors turnover Ratio for Nestle is quite impressive it has high turnover ratio of 83. 83 in Dec2011 which shows the management is strict towards its debtors in collecting amount money from them Whereas ITC and HUL is way behind of Nestle in terms of Recovery from the Debtors. 26. 50 and 27. 27 is DTR of ITC and HUL respectively CASH FLOW INDICATORS 1) Earnings per Share (EPS) Earnings per share ratio (EPS) is a small variation of return on equity capital ratio and is calculated by dividing the net profit after taxes and preference dividend by the total number of equity shares. The earnings per share is a good measure of profitability and when compared with equity shares. The earnings per share is a good measure of profitability and when compared with EPS of similar companies, it gives a view of the comparative earnings power of the firm. EPC ratio calculated for a number of years indicates whether or not the earning power of the company has increased. Formula of EPS = net profit- Pref. dividend) / No. of Equity Shares EARNING PER SHARE| particulars| Mar’12| Mar’11| Mar’10| ITC| 7. 88| 6. 45| 10. 64| HUL| 12. 45| 10. 8| 10. 09| NESTLE INDIA| 99. 73| 84. 91| 67. 94| ANALYSIS:- From the above table you can clearly see that there is not much earning per share in ITC. Rs. 7. 88 in ITC is indicating that an investor who have invested Rs. 1 then he will get Rs. 7. 88 in the financial year 2011-12. But it’s pretty good performance by HUL show that investors get Rs. 12. 45 for there every single rupee, which is very good news for them. W hereas ITC has Fluctuating EPS one year decreasing and in the other year it is increasing which is not good for any company. On other hand EPS of Nestle is continuously increasing year on year which is very good for the company. Here, Nestle is much strong in EPS compared to other companies which are good for company. 2) DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO Dividend payout ratio is calculated to find the extent to which earnings per share have been used for paying dividend and to know what portion of earnings has been retained in the business. It is an important ratio because plugging back of profits enables a company to grow and pay more dividends in future. Dividend payout ratio is the ratio of dividend per share divided by earnings per share. It is a measure of how much earnings a company is paying out to its shareholders as compared to how much it is retaining for reinvestment. Formula Dividend Payout Ratio = Dividend per Share /Earnings per Share Dividend payout ratio can also be calculated as total dividends divided by net income. DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO| Particulars| Mar’12| Mar’11| Mar’10| ITC| 0. 57| 0. 69| 0. 94| HUL| 0. 60| 0. 61| 0. 64| NESTLE INDIA| 0. 05| 0. 06| 0. 07| ANALYSIS:- Dividend payout ratio is indicator of the amount of earnings that have been ploughed back in the business. In HUL there is higher payout ratio which indicates the company is paying more to its shareholders and lower amount of earnings are ploughed back in the business. Same is the case with ITC which is not good strong financial condition of both the companies. Whereas in Nestle Company the payout ratio is low that means the higher amount of earnings are ploughed back into the business, which is good for strong financial condition. Comparatively Nestle is good because it uses whole fund for his strong purpose. 3) Sales growth Formula of sales growth = [(sales current year – sales previous year)/ sales previous year] X 100 SALES GROWTH| Particulars| Mar’12| Mar’11| Mar’10| ITC| 15. 06 %| 16. 03%| 13. 56 %| HUL| 12. 54 %| 11. 57 %| -15. 80%| NESTLE INDIA| 19. 66 %| 21. 75 %| 18. 79 %| ANALYSIS:- Sales growth of ITC is low as compared to Mar’11 while HUL sales Growth has been increased to 12. 53 % in Mar’ 12 as compared to 11. 57 % in Last year i. e. Mar,11. ITC made huge growth in the year 2010-11 but failed to capitalize that growth in last financial year. Normal growth rate that very good company always wants to get at least is 15%. Whereas Nestle India’s growth rate is fluctuating year by year , in the year 2009 it was 18. 79 which was increased to 21. 75 in 2010 and again its decreased to 19. 66 in the year 2011. But still growth is quite high as compared to HUL and ITC 4) Price to Earnings Ratio In general, a high P/E suggests that investors are expecting higher earnings growth in the future compared to companies with a lower P/E. However, the P/E ratio doesnt tell us the whole story by itself.

3 Sentences with Misplaced Modifiers

3 Sentences with Misplaced Modifiers 3 Sentences with Misplaced Modifiers 3 Sentences with Misplaced Modifiers By Mark Nichol Phrases that provide additional information in a sentence are often haphazardly situated within that sentence in such a way that the reader might be confused about what the modifying phrase refers to, or at best must reread the sentence to confirm that he or she has comprehended the correct meaning. Here are three sentences that benefit from relocation of a modifying phrase. 1. After twenty-seven years of marriage, I can only imagine how shocking your wife’s revelation must have been for you. Because the subject I immediately follows the modifying phrase â€Å"after twenty-seven years of marriage,† the erroneous implication is that the fact that the writer has been married to someone for that long enables him or her to imagine how shocking the revelation of the other person’s wife must have been for that person. (Here, only is an intensifier, making the meaning of the phrase â€Å"I can only imagine† akin to â€Å"I can well imagine,† rather than a diminisher, as in â€Å"I only have a few minutes to talk†- which should, technically, read, â€Å"I have only a few minutes to talk.†) However, the point is that that the other person and his or her wife have been married for a long time, and because of that fact, the wife’s revelation is shocking. To make this point clear, the sentence should begin with the subject and continue to shocking (the adjective that is the key word, and thus the fulcrum, of the sentence) before the modifying phrase is inserted as a parenthetical: â€Å"I can only imagine how shocking, after twenty-seven years of marriage, your wife’s revelation must have been for you.† 2. The project could require another two billion dollars to finish construction and ensure safety, which is about 7 percent of the country’s gross domestic product. Because safety immediately precedes the final phrase of this sentence, the statement describes safety as being a certain proportion of the country’s gross domestic product- obviously an error, because common sense tells the reader that the phrase about the GDP refers to the dollar amount, not to an intangible quality. To unambiguously represent that connection, the parenthetical reference to the dollar amount should appear immediately after the figure: â€Å"The project could require another two billion dollars- about 7 percent of the country’s gross domestic product- to finish construction and ensure safety.† 3. Smith’s company is unusual because it doesn’t pay any of its workers in exchange for stock equity. As written, this sentence suggests that Smith’s company is rare among businesses in that it doesn’t provide compensation to its employees with the understanding that the workers will offer his company stock equity in return; presumably, it has some other, unusual arrangement with the people who staff the company. This nonsensical impression is eliminated by changing the focus from what his company doesn’t do to what it does do and reversing the references to stock equity and pay, along with rewording the latter reference: â€Å"Smith’s company is unusual because it offers its workers stock equity in lieu of a salary.† (The modifying phrase â€Å"in lieu of a salary† could also be inserted parenthetically after because.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartBest Websites to Learn EnglishWord Count and Book Length

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Argument on the Proposal about Prison Education - Research Paper Example Emergent trends indicate that education greatly influences the attitudes as well as behaviors of the learners. The decision of the government to take away from 3000 student’s financial aid in order to provide education for the willing and able prisoners is a positive development that should be embraced. This can go a long way in addressing the problem of crime in a sustainable manner. A society that is educated tends to report less cases of crime. This is because most members of that society tend to follow the rules and regulations that govern that society. Educated individuals also tend to have a good grasp of the moral responsibility that the society thrusts upon them/ To begin with, a demographic review of the financial wellbeing of college students ascertains that most of them can afford the fundamental tuition fees (Freeman and Robbi 96). Thus they use the aid they receive from the government for their sustenance and other leisure needs such as entertainment. In this resp ect, it is certain that their basic needs are already catered for. For this reason, the extra financial help that they get from the government can be employed for other important purpose of educating the prisoners. Nothing is as elemental as providing education to the prisoners. To ensure optimal and satisfactory results, the government should undertake screening exercise to ensure that students benefiting from the relative funds actually deserve the help. Those students who deserve the financial aid from the government should not be denied the same as this can be counterproductive. The extra resources should then be channeled to educating willing prisoners. When the prisoners are educated, they are likely to walk out of the prisons changed people and this is the main aim of correctional institutions such as prisons. In his research, Clements posits that inmates who undergo education programs while in prison are unlikely to assume criminal activities upon completion (Clements 1477). Educating the inmates is vital in eradicating inmates and keeping them informed about the law. Statistical evidence ascertains that ignorance is the root cause of crime and criminal activities in the society. Through education, the inmates are also able to acquire good work habits, learn various skills and finally master professions. When these inmates come out of the prison they are able to engage in meaningful income generating activities, thereby contributing immensely towards the development of the society. Attainment of all these attributes eases the social integration process especially upon completion of their sentence. Although not all of them undergo the positive change, Williford contends that the percentage that attains the positive status is satisfactory (Williford 59). Financial statistics indicate that the government employs a significant percentage of resources on correctional measures and institutions. Indirectly, the tax payer contributes a great deal to the respec tive expenditure. Quality educational programs for inmates according to Vacca can be able to reduce and even reverse the aforementioned trends. Although the initial and running costs would be high, the ultimate results would be positive and lasting (Vacca 299). In particular, reduction of recidivism, rates of crimes and tax contributions would be more rewarding. Comparatively, this would be better than continuing to spend on college students who can afford their basic

Psychological Definitions of Abnormal Behavior Essay Example for Free

Psychological Definitions of Abnormal Behavior Essay According to the science of psychology one’s behavior needs to follow a certain criteria in order to be deemed â€Å"normal†. If one’s behavior does not match the criteria, their behavior is seen as undesirable and wrong (requires change). For this physiologists need to be able to view a person’s behavior and be able to tell the difference between normal and abnormal. Whilst defining the â€Å"normality† of ones behavior physiologists need to be careful to remain objective and as free of any bias as possible, furthermore their experiment to determine ones behavior needs to be repeatable and reliable. In order to do this psychologists often consults the characteristics of ideal mental health proposed by Marie Jahoda in 1958. Marie Jahoda proposed 6 different characteristics for ideal mental health after surveying different doctors and psychologists; this is the list she came up with: * Positive self esteem and a strong sense of identity * Personal growth and development * Ability to cope with stressful situations (integration) * Autonomy and independence * Accurate perception of reality * Successful mastery of the environment, particularly relationships. Jahoda argued that if one does not meet these criteria then ones behavior can be deemed abnormal as a result of an existing problem. This in my opinion provides a strong applicable foundation for the determination of ones â€Å"normality† of behavior. However the problem with Jahoda’s ideal mental health scheme is the fact that the results obtained rely solely on the observer’s judgment, therefore presenting a inevitable bias not to mention the fact that no person can truly ever meet all of the suggested criteria. This mean that according to Jahoda every person is abnormal. Another way to look for abnormal behavior for psychologists is to find deviation form the social norm (majority). This is done by observing ones actions in public and seeing how normal it is. For example if you see someone wearing a bikini/swim trunks whilst walking around a supermarket, his or her behavior would be deemed as abnormal. The limitations of observing behavior in this manor lay in the fact that different cultures have different norms. Not to mention the fact that in any given culture norms evolve. What may have once been acceptable in the 80’s is not necessarily acceptable today. Abnormality of one’s behavior can also be monitored by looking at its statistical frequency. Meaning how common ones behavior is when compared to the rest of the public. If one’s behavior is shared by many it is deemed common and therefore â€Å"normal†, however if ones behavior is uncommon or rare, it is deemed abnormal. For example one may say that an individual who has an IQ below or above the average level of IQ in society is abnormal. The problem with this system is the fact that, it does not account for the desirability of the given behavior. In other words this system claims that both low and high IQ’s are an abnormality that need to be treated. Physiologists and others interested in â€Å"normality†, look over at ones behavior to see how well they can function. If one is unable to function adequately they are deemed abnormal. In order to determine how well one functions, psychologists consult Rosenhan and Seligman’s list of characteristics that define abnormality (1989). Rosenhan and Seligman argued that in order to classify someone as â€Å"inadequate in life† they must meet several of the characteristics as a pose to only one. This is their list: * Suffering * Maladaptiveness (danger to self) * Vividness unconventionality (stands out) * Unpredictably loss of control * Irrationality/incomprehensibility * Causes observer discomfort * Violates moral/social standards The possible limitation to Rosenhan and Seligman’s list of characteristics is the fact that â€Å"normal† people engage in activates which are potentially harmful like drinking or smoking, these people are not classed as abnormal. It is very difficult to classify behavior as to date no scheme to do so exists, which is perfect. Physiologists must tread carefully when labeling one with a disorder. Bias will always be present in one form or another, however the results can be deemed reliable if practicing psychologists consult multiple schemes in order to have a better chance of an accurate diagnosis. Bibliography * Class handout â€Å"abnormal?† Mrs campion. * DefiningAbnormality. AS Psychology /. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. http://as-psychology.pbworks.com/w/page/9174252/DefiningAbnormality. * Abnormal Psychology. Abnormal Psychology. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. http://www.simplypsychology.org/abnormal-psychology.html.

Literature Reflects Life in The Gilded Age :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Literature Reflects Life in The Gilded Age As immigrants began to flood into America in the late 1800's and early 1900's, they had hopes of a miraculous new life in the Land of the Free. They may have thought that they would not have to live in cramped and unsanitary conditions as they had in their old homes. They may have had hopes of finding a great new career that would skyrocket them to fame and fortune and allow them to live like the Carnegies, Rockefellers, and Morgans did. It could be possible that all their hopes were assured once they caught sight of the New York City skyline, expanding as far as the eye could see and stretching like arms spread welcoming home a loved one. The sun may have been shining bright and golden, bathing the not-so-distant city in a fantastic light. At a distance it was quite possibly one of the most exquisite sights that their eyes had ever come upon. However, the land that looked so beautiful and grand from the distance was actually filled with greed, corruption, and opportunists. That is h ow America can be described during the Gilded Age. The wrapping was pretty, but the present was awful. Such wealthy entrepreneurs as the Rockefellers and Carnegies helped to make America the beauty that she was on the outside, but to an extent they also contributed to the rotten inside. America's new European residents lived in cramped apartments and worked in unsafe factories. The factories housed the latest technology of the Gilded Age, the assembly line. The mass production that the assembly line brought about made the rich richer, but did nothing to help the poor. They were working long hours in sometimes extremely dangerous conditions. Injuries and even deaths would occur due to faulty machinery or exhausted employees, but these occurrences were often ignored or covered up to avoid any bad publicity. As the immigrants flooded the big cities seeking jobs, other Americans headed west with the expansion of the railroad. However, nobody seemed to take into consideration that they would be intruding on the American Indian's territory. It also seemed that no one cared. America was gree dy for land that lay to the west and would be quite deceitful in getting the land that they wanted. The American Indians were pushed further and further west, and their tribes began to dwindle.

Summary of Everyday Use

Alice’s Walker’s, â€Å"Everyday Use†, tells a story of a southern, African American family that consist of Mama, the story’s narrator, and her two daughters, Dee, the oldest, and her sister, Maggie. Set during the back to Africa movement of the early 1970’s, when African Americans removed their surnames or names fully and adopted new names that represented their African heritage, Dee leaves home for college and returns to announce the change of her name from Dee to Wangero. She collects items that Mama and Maggie uses everyday to take with her, and finally tries to take a quilt that has been stitched together by her family for generations. â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker reveals the intracultural class within the Black community as African Americans struggle to piece together the elements of their lives that are both African and American into a cohesive whole. Alice Walker characterizes Dee as an aggressive, confident woman who normally gets what she wants. Mama recalls, â€Å"Dee wanted nice things†¦. She was determined to stare down any disaster in her effort†¦At sixteen she had a style of her own: and knew what style was† (paragraph 12). Dee has ambitions and goals and lets nothing stop her from reaching them. She has her own way of going about things and is determined to get her way no matter what. Highly intelligent and ambitious, Dee goes to school to further her education and to expand her horizon, and, while in college, Dee learns the culture of her people. However, Dee’s intelligence and ambition are characteristics that lead to the conflict in the story because they also reveal Dee’s naivety and the static nature of Walker’s character development. Because she always gets her way, Dee is single minded and does not see the clash she creates between herself and her family members. When she first returns home, she snaps photos of Mama and Maggie sitting on the porch as if they are artifacts of an old way of life, illustrating their setting in an old way of life, and her modern, Afro-centric world. She flaunts her education by reading to Mama and Maggie and gives unnecessary information as if they are dimwits further contrasting herself with her mother and sister, and does not realize the division she is causing. Dee has gotten all that she has wanted; however, her education does not indicate a dynamic development in her character. The level of Dee’s greed and superiority are finally revealed as she tries to take a quilt Mama has promised to Maggie. Dee and Mama argue for a while then Dee claims, â€Å"Maggie can’t appreciate these quilts†¦They’re riceless†¦You just don’t understand†¦Your heritage† (paragraph 66-81). Dee knows the objects are of valuable, so she wants to show them off, in her world, as an example of her coming from nothing to the college educated woman she has become. Walker’s character development allows the setting to show in the contrast of Dee’s world, her stroking hand adorned in bangles as pa rt of her African grab, against the faded much used quilt from Mama and Maggie’s world. Dee believes Mama doesn’t understand her own heritage because the quilt is rare and valuable, and she doesn’t see why Maggie, who doesn’t know how valuable the quilts are and will put it to everyday use, should have them. Even though Dee is gifted and excels in school, she is completely unaware that her true cultural heritage, honor, survival, family and family history, have been passed down through generations. Driven by ego and blinded to the truth, Dee thinks her culture is found in books rather than the stitches of the quilts, the fabric of her mother’s promise to her children. Mama wants to honor her promise to give the quilts to Maggie, and it was Mama who provided Dee with the opportunity to receive an education, â€Å"But that was before we raised the money, the church and me, to send her to Augusta to school† (paragraph 11). Dee, however, does not realize the history of her culture is not just in the quilts, the items and pictures, but the people that take the knowledge and abilities they learned from their ancestors to provide for the current and next generation; that’s why culture heritage can not be learned in school. On the other hand, Maggie, the sister who does not go to school, is fully aware of her cultural heritage. Maggie, being very family-orientated, reveals the knowledge of her family. Dee asks for the dasher, her friend asks if Uncle Buddy had made it and they both look at Mama for confirmation, but it was Maggie who says, â€Å"Aunt Dee’s first husband whittled the dash†¦His name was Henry, but they called him Stash† (paragraph 52). In recognition of Maggie’s expertise of the family’s history Dee says Maggie has the brain of an elephant; meaning she remembers a lot. Maggie comprehends the family history and can identify what responsibilities people in the family possessed. Mama’s brother-in-law, her sister’s husband, helped Mama’s family by making them a dasher; Walker uses this to illustrate how united their families are because they assist each other when needed. In addition, they gave Mama’s brother-in-law a nickname; nicknames are a sign of affection and Maggie calls him by his nickname which shows their close relationship. Maggie inherited her culture customs. Mama explains, â€Å"She knows she is not bright†¦She will marry John Thomas and then I’ll be free to sit here and I guess just sing church songs to myself† (paragraph 13). Maggie will become like her mom and keep the tradition of the southern black woman because she too is uneducated, will marry, and raise kids. Walker reveals the cultural heritage of southern blacks that they are supposed to get married and raise children. Maggie tells Mama Dee can have the quilt, which was promised to her, and she can remember her grandmother without the quilt. Maggie says, â€Å"She can have them, Mama†¦I can ‘member Grandma Dee without the quilts† (paragraph 74). Then Mama explains, â€Å"It was Grandma Dee and Big Dee who taught her how to quilt herself. She stood there with her scarred hands hidden in the folds oh her skirt† (paragraph 75). Maggie doesn’t need the quilt to remember her grandmother because she has memories which are more valuable to her than the quilt. The quilt is just a symbol of the memories Maggie had with her grandmother. Grandma Dee and Big Dee taught Maggie the skill of quilting which has been passed down through family generations. This shows the cultural heritage of the family that they are skilled quilt makers. Maggie is very family-orientated she learns the family skill of making quilts, has knowledge of the family tree and its history. Maggie is very close with her family because she calls them by their nicknames and has plenty of memories of the family. She will continue to pass on the culture heritage of the family by marrying, having children, teaching her children how to quilt, and keeping the family close together as did the people before her; she is her family cultural heritage. What makes the story well written is because it reminds people that they are their cultural heritage and that’s not something people can just get from a one dimensional textbook. It shows how two people can be raised by the same mother and have a different view of life, as in they are sisters by blood, grow up in the same house, and be so far apart. There is one sibling, Dee, she has a lot of text book knowledge of her people’s history, but loses touch with her own cultural heritage, and than there is the other sister, Maggie, she has no text book knowledge of her people’s history but is living proof of her people’s history. A great lesson people need to learn because people are losing touch with their family morals and becoming less family orientated, which is weakening a lot of families. United people stand together and divided people falls, which is the key lesson the story, teaches and makes it a well written story because it is able to take something that is happening in real life and reflects it to where an average person can relate.

Terrorism and Surveillance Are You Being Watched - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1011 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Topics: Terrorism Essay Did you like this example? Running Head: TERRORISM: SURVEILLANCE 1 Are You Being Watched? Valuable Information TERRORISM: SURVEILLANCE 2 Abstract My Reaction Paper in Module 5 discusses the many different methods of conducting surveillance. It will also introduce the three (3) different types moving surveillance, fixed (also known as stationary and picket) and combination surveillance. What’s more, surveillance is in some ways it is an expression of power. It is like being watch in all aspects of life. Having a stranger watching can make a person uncomfortable and evidentially become hostile. There are several different methods the FBI uses in surveying a suspect or suspects, their criminal activity, and their patterns. It is often done in secret, and surveillance is often done secretly and at the request of the authority. TERRORISM: SURVEILLANCE 3 Valuable Information Terrorists that are planning attacks usually follow a distinct process. Since 9/11, th e terrorist was apparently working in vengeance for the United State’s support of Israel and its participation in the Persian War as well as its continued military presence in the Middle East. While some terrorists lived in the United States and had taken flying lessons, other terrorist had illegally come into the United States smuggling with knives and other weapons through security at the airport. They chose airlines that were bound for long journeys; thus the airplanes had to be full of fuel. So, one of the terrorists was able to walk through security without anyone stopping him and asking to see his identity. Due to the sufficient increase in counterterrorism, many terrorist attacks have been prevented. The effects after 9/11 should lessen the threats by continuing the conduct concentrated attempts before they are completed. One of the best weapons in the war on terrorist attacks is the ongoing and continued surveillance combined with successful investigations. With surveillance, there are three (3) types moving, fixed (also known as stationary and picket) and combination. Moving is beneficial because it â€Å"follow the subject wherever he or she goes.† (Dyson, 2012, p. 132) The investigator follows the subject until he/she stops and resumes when they do. Prior to the surveillance, the goal for the investigator should be to know already the subject in case he/she eludes them. However, the fixed surveillance (also known as stationary and picket) is surveillance in which â€Å"investigators assume stationary positions along what they believe TERRORISM: SURVEILLANCE 4 will be the subject’s logical route.† (Dyson, 2012, p. 134) The investigators will note his/her activities as they move. Those investigators stay at their station while doing so. The third and final type of surveillance is the combination surveillance. Just like its name, the combination is combined with both moving and fixed surveillance. â€Å"it is intended to limit some of the risks involved – reducing the number of personnel required in the fixed.† (Dyson, 2012, p. 134) It can also be used when the subject’s destination is unknown. It is especially effective because since it is partly a fixed coverage when the subject moves, the investigator does not. Not all surveillances should be the same with different subjects. There are six (6) methods in the conduction of surveillances. They all can be done with the three (3) types of surveillance’s mentioned above. One of those methods is called Around-the- Clock Coverage. It is just that, surveillance around the clock for 24-hour. This surveillance should not be done if the subject is confined to a small space with little movement and places to go. The second method for surveillance is Limited Hour Coverage. Although it would make sense to surveillance a subject when he/she is at work, home, etc. Limited Hour is coverage when the subject is expec ted to commit a crime. It is possible they will commit the offence anywhere, but it is highly unlikely they will at home or their employment. The third method is called the Specific Coverage. This method is the furtherance of the criminal activity the subject will commit from information that was received. It is only through the intelligence from other agencies that make this method useful. TERRORISM: SURVEILLANCE 5 The fourth method is Capsule Coverage. This method is used when the investigator has no idea if the subject will commit an illegal activity. If an investigator uses this method, â€Å"subject’s life is divided into segments, and coverage is provided for each segment for a given period to develop a pattern of behavior.† (Dyson, 2012, p. 136) This method is best used to learn of the subject’s daily activities. There are several parts of this process. One part is the investigator creates capsules based on the days of the week while it is staged at least 24 hours on Monday’s for a month time, Tuesday the following month and forth. If the weekend is needed, Saturday surveillance could be done during a month as well. Because there are numerous surveillances at different months, this coverage works well when the investigator wishes to learn the daily activities of the subject. The Event Coverage is to watch the subject at a particular event. Because this particular type is that terrorist usually attack on days where there is an important significance. If there is not a particular reason to watch the subject, this method can be a tremendous waste of time, resources and energy. And finally there is the Spot Check Coverage. This method is used to do occasionally spot checks on subjects. This is the most regularly used method. Like many things, there are those spot checks that are occasionally done with very little though. TERRORISM: SURVEILLANCE 6 As you can see, there are numerous methods for doing surveillan ces. Depending on the subject/terrorists actions and their groups, an investigator/s can find out whatever they want just through surveillances. In conclusion, there have been many changes since 9/11. One change has been at the airports. Now anyone traveling must check in with their baggage at least two (2) hours before their flight. With this come restrictions on what an individual can bring on board such as carrying liquids and toiletries in clear bottles. TERRORISM: SURVEILLANCE 7 References 1. Dyson, W. E. (2015). Terrorism: An Investigators Handbook (4th ed.). New York: Anderson Publishing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Terrorism and Surveillance: Are You Being Watched?" essay for you Create order